红景天复合饮料抗氧化成分及抗氧化活性研究

研究了以红景天等材料配制饮料的抗氧化功效成分及抗氧化的活性。试验测定了该饮料及配方原料的黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力,同时也测定了饮料对脂质过氧化消除能力。结果表明,该饮料中含有抗氧化黄酮成分,浓缩液中总黄酮含量为3.13 mg/100 mL,还原力相当于VC(83.29μg/mL),DPPH自由基清除率达49%,显示该产品具有的抗氧化功效可起到消除运动疲劳的作用,并具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

基于图像的昆虫远程自动识别系统的研究

只有对害虫进行鉴定才能在农业生产中对害虫进行有目的的防治,而对昆虫进行鉴定只有少数分类专家才能完成,鉴定需求的日益增加与专家相对较少形成了一对尖锐的矛盾.该文的研究尝试为该矛盾的解决提供一条新的思路:在标准方法下获取昆虫图像,并经由Internet网络上传给自动种类识别系统服务器,从而实现远程识别.系统首先对昆虫图像进行基于形状和颜色特征值的提取.昆虫图像的形态特征值由矩形度、延长度、球状型、叶状型、似圆度和7个Hu不变矩等12个特征值组成,颜色特征值由红、绿、蓝、灰度真方图及基于红、绿的二维色度直方图特征值分别组成,然后建立径向基神经网络分类器,每一特征向量由独立的径向基神经网络做为分类器,最终识别由每个分类器识别结果的线性组合而成.采用该系统对16种昆虫进行了测试,每种昆虫取40个样本,20个用做训练、20个用做测试,准确率达到96%以上.     

家畜哈德氏腺及瞬膜腺的形态学观察

对马、驴、牛、奶山羊和猪的哈德氏腺及瞬膜腺进行解剖及组织学观察,表明这些家畜的瞬膜及瞬膜腺都很发达,在腺体的间质内都查到一定量的淋巴细胞和浆细胞,而位于瞬膜深部的哈德氏腺只有猪是一个发达而又独立的腺体。牛的哈德氏腺不发达,紧连在瞬膜腺之尾部,并与瞬膜腺包于同一被膜,两者无明显的界线。在显微镜下可观察到这两个腺体的区别,但未观察到马、驴、奶山羊的哈德氏腺。     

甘蔗切割器螺旋提升机构输送性能分析与改进

为改善甘蔗收割机物流系统的堵塞问题,以切割器螺旋提升机构为主要研究对象,通过仿真模拟分析与试验研究手段,探讨了摩擦系数等因素对甘蔗物流堵塞的影响,通过UG和ADAMS建立虚拟样机仿真模型,仿真结果表明,增大螺旋的摩擦系数可以提高甘蔗的输送速度,减少甘蔗平均滞留时间。高速摄影试验表明,螺旋选用摩擦系数大的轮胎胶作为覆盖层时、当切割器转速在750 r/min左右时,甘蔗的滞留时间较原钢筋螺旋缩短了17%左右,可以改进切割器物流系统堵塞问题。基于上述机理,设计了平面螺旋结构,其与甘蔗的接触方式由原来的点接触变为线接触,仿真分析表明,面宽为20 mm的螺旋与原圆柱型螺旋相比,甘蔗滞留时间缩短了32%,说明平面螺旋可以有效地抑制前端输送系统的堵塞现象;适当加宽螺旋提升机构的面宽有利于减少甘蔗滞留时间,单位时间内甘蔗输送更快、更稳定。该研究为后续试验研究及物理样机的改进设计提供了参考。     

Major nutrients,heavy metals and PBDEs in soils after long-term sewage sludge application

Purpose

Two contrasting soils receiving long-term application of commercial sewage sludge fertilizers in China were investigated to determine the concentrations of selected nutrients, heavy metals (HMs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present to evaluate the impact of sewage sludge fertilizer on soil fertility and environmental risk.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from Tangshan City, Hebei province and Ningbo City, Zhejiang province and divided into two portions, one of which was air-dried and sieved through 2-, 0.25- and 0.149-mm nylon mesh for determination of nutrients and heavy metals. The other portion was frozen at ?20°C, freeze-dried and sieved through 2-mm nylon mesh for PBDE analysis. The concentrations of nutrients, heavy metals and PBDEs were determined in all samples.

Results and discussion

Concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in soils amended with low rates of sewage sludge fertilizer (SSF) and conventional fertilizer were compared. After long-term excessive amendment with SSF from Ningbo City (SSF-N), the concentrations of soil total N, P, aqua regia-extractable HMs and DTPA extractable HMs were higher than the control, especially in the arable layer. Moreover, the concentration of aqua regia-extractable Zn (457 mg kg^?1) exceeded the recommended China Environmental Quality Standard for soils (GB15618-1995). All 8 target PBDE congeners were found in fertilizer SSF-N and soil with excessive amendment with SSF-N for 12 years, but the concentrations of 8 different PBDEs in SSF-N-amended soil were not significantly different from control soil.

Conclusions

Both economic and environmental benefits can be obtained by careful application of sewage sludge fertilizer to recycle plant nutrients. Repeated and excessive application rates of sewage sludge fertilizer may pose environmental risk, especially in respect of soil heavy metal and PBDE contamination, and high concentrations of phosphorus may also be environmentally detrimental.

     

Characterizing long-term forest disturbance history and its drivers in the Ning-Zhen Mountains,Jiangsu Province of eastern China using yearly Landsat observations (1987–2011)

Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and recovery history is required for assessing the effectiveness of existing forest management. The major objectives of our research focused on testing the mapping efficacy of the vegetation change tracker (VCT) model over a forested area in China. We used a new version of VCT algorithm built upon the Landsat time series stacks (LTSS). The LTSS consisted of yearly image acquisitions to map forest disturbance history from 1987 to 2011 over the Ning-Zhen Mountains, Jiangsu Province of east China. The LTSS consisted of TM and ETM+ scenes with different projections due to distinct data sources (Beijing remote sensing ground station and the USGS EROS Center). The validation results of the disturbance year maps showed that most spatial agreement measures ranged from 70 to 86 %, comparable with the VCT accuracies reported for many places in USA. Very low accuracies were identified in 1995 (38.3 %) and 1992 (56.2 %) in the current analysis. These resulted from the insensitivity of the VCT algorithm to detect low intensity disturbances and also from the mis-registration errors of the image pairs. Major forest disturbance types existing in our study area were identified as agricultural expansion (39.8 %), urbanization (24.9 %), forest management practice (19.3 %), and mining (12.8 %). In general, there was a gradual decreasing trend in forest cover throughout this region, caused principally by China’s economic, demographic, environmental and political policies and decisions, as well as some weather events. While VCT has largely been used to assess long term changes and trends in the USA, it has great potential for assessing landscape level change elsewhere throughout the world.     

根茬粉碎还田机灭茬甩刀喷焊NiWC工艺优化

为解决根茬粉碎还田机灭茬刀成本高、寿命短的问题,在45#钢制造的根茬还田刀具易磨损部位喷焊了NiWC合金抗磨涂层。正交试验和方差分析结果表明,试验因素对喷焊层耐磨性的影响程度大小依次为WC的含量、乙炔流量、预热温度和喷涂距离。优化后喷焊工艺参数为：涂层配比为Ni60 +35%WC,预热温度为450℃,乙炔流量为1000 L/h,喷涂距离为40 mm。     

不同生根剂对假俭草茎段撒播生根效应的影响

[目的]对不同生根剂对假俭草茎段撒播生根效应的影响进行研究,为假俭草做为水土保持植物快速建植提供合理有效的技术指导。[方法]从茎段撒播技术中的茎段生根关键环节开展试验,比较不同生根剂对假俭草生根茎段比例、生根时间和成活率的影响,以确定最佳生根剂和处理方式。[结果]吲哚丁酸(100 mg/L)对假俭草撒播茎段的生根效率、缩短生根时间和成活率效果最佳;覆盖无纺布对提高假俭草茎段生根效率和缩短生根时间有显著作用,但是对假俭草茎段成活率没有显著影响。[结论]不同生根剂对假俭草茎段生根速率具有显著影响,其中效果最好的是吲哚丁酸。     

我国林区非木质植物资源开发利用刍议

我国林区有丰富的非木质植物资源,它们可用于发展林区饲料、香料、食品和食品添加剂、药物及食用菌等生产。林区非木质植物资源的开发利用对林产化学工业的发展和林区经济效益的提高都有重要意义。本文还就这一问题提出了有关建议。